Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology
Volume 24, Issue 1 , Pages 5-13 , February 2007

Infections and other inflammatory conditions

  • Raymond W. Redline, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests and correspondence: Raymond W. Redline, MD, Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106.

References 

  1. Greenough A. The TORCH screen and intrauterine infections. Arch Dis Child. 1994;70:F163–F165
  2. Lamb B, Lang R. Aetiology of cerebral palsy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1992;99:176–178
  3. Perlman JM. Intrapartum hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury and subsequent cerebral palsy: medicolegal issues. Pediatrics. 1997;6:851–859
  4. MacLennan A. A template for defining a causal relation between acute intrapartum events and cerebral palsy: international consensus statement. Br Med J. 1999;319:1054–1059
  5. Hankins GD, Speer M. Defining the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of neonatal encephalopathy and cerebral palsy. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;102:628–636
  6. Redline RW. Placental pathology and cerebral palsy. Clin Perinatol. 2006;33:503–516
  7. Nelson KB, Dambrosia JM, Iovannisci DM, et al. Genetic polymorphisms and cerebral palsy in very preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 2005;57:494–499
  8. Redline RW. Severe fetal placental vascular lesions in term infants with neurologic impairment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005;192:452–457
  9. Bittencourt AL, Garcia AG. Pathogenesis and pathology of hematogenous infections of the fetus and newborn. Pediatr Pathol Mol Med. 2002;21:353–399
  10. Baley JE, Toltzis P. Perinatal viral infections. In:  Martin RJ,  Fanaroff AA,  Walsh MC editor. Fanaroff and Martin’s Neonatal–Perinatal Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2006;p. 840–876
  11. West SL, Newton RW, Baildam EM, et al. Recurrent hemiplegia associated with cerebral vasculopathy following third trimester maternal herpes zoster infection. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006;48:991–993
  12. Baker DA, Phillips CA. Maternal and neonatal infection with coxsackievirus. Obstet Gynecol. 1980;55:12S–15S
  13. Feuer R, Mena I, Pagarigan RR, et al. Coxsackievirus B3 and the neonatal CNS: the roles of stem cells, developing neurons, and apoptosis in infection, viral dissemination, and disease. Am J Pathol. 2003;163:1379–1393
  14. Euscher E, Davis J, Holzman I, et al. Coxsackie virus infection of the placenta associated with neurodevelopmental delays in the newborn. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;98:1019–1026
  15. Satosar A, Ramirez NC, Bartholomew D, et al. Histologic correlates of viral and bacterial infection of the placenta associated with severe morbidity and mortality in the newborn. Hum Pathol. 2004;35:536–545
  16. Montoya JG, Rosso F. Diagnosis and management of toxoplasmosis. Clin Perinatol. 2005;32:705–726
  17. Bittencourt AL. Congenital Chagas disease. Am J Dis Child. 1976;130:97–103
  18. Edwards MS. Neonatal sepsis. In:  Martin RJ,  Fanaroff AA,  Walsh MC editor. Fanaroff and Martin’s Neonatal–Perinatal Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2006;p. 791–804
  19. Shin S, Kim KS. RhoA and Rac1 contribute to type III group B streptococcal invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2006;345:538–542
  20. Shin S, Maneesh PS, Lee JS, et al. Focal adhesion kinase is involved in type III group B streptococcal invasion of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Microb Pathog. 2006;41:168–173
  21. Lehnardt S, Henneke P, Lien E, et al. A mechanism for neurodegeneration induced by group B streptococci through activation of the TLR2/MyD88 pathway in microglia. J Immunol. 2006;177:583–592
  22. Edwards MS. Infection of organ systems: meningitis and meningoencephalitis. In:  Martin RJ,  Fanaroff AA,  Walsh MC editor. Fanaroff and Martin’s Neonatal–Perinatal Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2006;p. 804–807
  23. Dembinski J, Haverkamp F, Maara H, et al. Neurodevelopmental outcome after intrauterine red cell transfusion for parvovirus B19-induced fetal hydrops. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 2002;109:1232–1234
  24. Craze JL, Salisbury AJ, Pike MG. Prenatal stroke associated with maternal parvovirus infection. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1996;38:84–85
  25. Hellerqvist CG, Rojas J, Green RS, et al. Studies on group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (I. Isolation and partial characterization of an extracellular toxin). Pediatr Res. 1981;15:892–898
  26. Rojas J, Green RS, Hellerqvist CG, et al. Studies on group B beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (II. Effects on pulmonary hemodynamics and vascular permeability in unanesthetized sheep). Pediatr Res. 1981;15:899–904
  27. Sundell HW, Yan H, Carter CE, et al. Isolation and identification of the group B streptococcal toxin CM101 from infants with sepsis. J Pediatr. 2000;137:338–344
  28. Doran KS, Chang JC, Benoit VM, et al. Group B streptococcal beta-hemolysin/cytolysin promotes invasion of human lung epithelial cells and the release of interleukin-8. J Infect Dis. 2002;185:196–203
  29. Doran KS, Liu GY, Nizet V. Group B streptococcal beta-hemolysin/cytolysin activates neutrophil signaling pathways in brain endothelium and contributes to development of meningitis. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:736–744
  30. Medzhitov R, Janeway CA. Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immune system. Science. 2002;296:298–300
  31. Lasker MV, Nair SK. Intracellular TLR signaling: a structural perspective on human disease. J Immunol. 2006;177:11–16
  32. Henneke P, Takeuchi O, van Strijp JA, et al. Novel engagement of CD14 and multiple toll-like receptors by group B streptococci. J Immunol. 2001;167:7069–7076
  33. Mancuso G, Midiri A, Beninati C, et al. Dual role of TLR2 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in a mouse model of invasive group B streptococcal disease. J Immunol. 2004;172:6324–6329
  34. Pharoah POD, Platt MJ, Cooke T. The changing epidermiology of cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child. 1996;75:F169–F173
  35. Guzick DS, Winn K. The association of chorioamnionitis with preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;65:11–16
  36. Chellam VG, Rushton DI. Chorioamnionitis and funiculitis in the placentas of 200 births weighing less than 2.5 kg. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1985;92:808–814
  37. Hansen AR, Collins MH, Genest D, et al. Very low birthweight placenta: clustering of morphologic characteristics. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2000;3:431–438
  38. Pankuch GA, Appelbaum PC, Lorenz RP, et al. Placental microbiology and histology and the pathogenesis of chorioamnionitis. Obstet Gynecol. 1984;64:802–806
  39. Zhang JM, Kraus FT, Aquino TI. Chorioamnionitis: a comparative histologic, bacteriologic, and clinical study. Int J Gynecol Pathol. 1985;4:1–10
  40. Hillier SL, Martius J, Krohn M, et al. A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis in prematurity. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:972–980
  41. Gibbs RS, Romero R, Hillier SL, et al. A review of premature birth and subclinical infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166:1515–1528
  42. Romero R, Salafia CM, Athanassiadis AP, et al. The relationship between acute inflammatory lesions of the preterm placenta and amniotic fluid microbiology. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;166:1382–1388
  43. Odibo AO, Rodis JF, Sanders MM, et al. Relationship of amniotic fluid markers of intra-amniotic infection with histopathology in cases of preterm labor with intact membranes. J Perinatol. 1999;19:407–412
  44. Redline R, Wilson-Costello D, Borawski E, et al. The relationship between placental and other perinatal risk factors for neurologic impairment in very low birth weith children. Pediatr Res. 2000;47:721–726
  45. Lockwood CJ. Recent advances in elucidating the pathogenesis of preterm delivery, the detection of patients at risk, and preventative therapies. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 1994;6:7–18
  46. Gibbs RS. Chorioamnionitis and bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169:460–462
  47. Offenbacher S, Boggess KA, Murtha AP, et al. Progressive periodontal disease and risk of very preterm delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;107:29–36
  48. Han YW, Redline RW, Li M, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum induces premature and term stillbirths in pregnant mice: implication of oral bacteria in preterm birth. Infect Immun. 2004;72:2272–2279
  49. Han YW, Ikegami A, Bissada NF, et al. Transmission of an uncultivated Bergeyella strain from the oral cavity to amniotic fluid in a case of preterm birth. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:1475–1483
  50. Blanc W. Pathology of the placenta and cord in ascending and hematogenous infections. In:  Marshall W editors. Perinatal Infections, CIBA Foundation Symposium 77. London: Excerpta Medica; 1980;p. 17–38
  51. Keenan WJ, Steichen JJ, Mahmood K, et al. Placental pathology compared with clinical outcome. Am J Dis Child. 1977;131:1224–1227
  52. Redline RW, Faye-Petersen O, Heller D, et al. Amniotic infection syndrome: nosology and reproducibility of placental reaction patterns. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2003;6:435–448
  53. Redline RW. Placental inflammation. Semin Neonatol. 2004;9:265–274
  54. Ohyama M, Itani Y, Yamanaka M, et al. Re-evaluation of chorioamnionitis and funisitis with a special reference to subacute chorioamnionitis. Hum Pathol. 2002;33:183–190
  55. Hood IC, DeSa DJ, Whyte RK. The inflammatory response in candidal chorioamnionitis. Hum Pathol. 1983;14:984–990
  56. Navarro C, Blanc WA. Subacute necrotizing funisitis (A variant of cord inflammation with a high rate of perinatal infection). J Pediatr. 1974;85:689–697
  57. Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Obstetric complications as risk factors for cerebral palsy or seizure disorders. J Am Med Assoc. 1984;251:1843–1848
  58. Wu YW, Colford JM. Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy: a meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc. 2000;284:1417–1424
  59. Wu YW, Escobar GJ, Grether JK, et al. Chorioamnionitis and cerebral palsy in term and near-term infants. J Am Med Assoc. 2003;290:2677–2684
  60. Gomez B, Romero R, Ghezzi F, et al. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179:194–202
  61. Leviton A, Paneth N, Reuss ML, et al. Maternal infection, fetal inflammatory response, and brain damage in very low birth weight infants (Developmental Epidemiology Network Investigators). Pediatr Res. 1999;46:566–575
  62. Viscardi RM, Muhumuza CK, Rodriguez A, et al. Inflammatory markers in intrauterine and fetal blood and cerebrospinal fluid compartments are associated with adverse pulmonary and neurologic outcomes in preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 2004;55:1009–1017
  63. Adams-Chapman I, Stoll BJ. Neonatal infection and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in the preterm infant. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2006;19:290–297
  64. D’Alquen D, Kramer BW, Seidenspinner S, et al. Activation of umbilical cord endothelial cells and fetal inflammatory response in preterm infants with chorioamnionitis and funisitis. Pediatr Res. 2005;57:263–269
  65. Miyano A, Miyamichi T, Nakayama M, et al. Differences among acute, subacute, and chronic chorioamnionitis based on levels of inflammation-associated proteins in cord blood. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 1998;1:513–521
  66. Scott RJ, Peat D, Rhodes CA. Investigation of the fetal pulmonary inflammatory reaction in chorioamnionitis, using an in situ Y chromosome marker. Pediatr Pathol. 1994;14:997–1003
  67. Van Hoeven KH, Anyaegbunam A, Hochster H, et al. Clinical significance of increasing histologic severity of acute inflammation in the fetal membranes and umbilical cord. Pediatr Pathol Lab Med. 1996;16:731–744
  68. Kim CJ, Yoon BH, Romero R, et al. Umbilical arteritis and phlebitis mark different stages of the fetal inflammatory response. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:496–500
  69. Rogers BB, Alexander JM, Head J, et al. Umbilical vein interleukin-6 levels correlate with the severity of placental inflammation and gestational age. Hum Pathol. 2002;33:335–340
  70. Redline RW, Wilson-Costello D, Borawski E, et al. Placental lesions associated with neurologic impairment and cerebral palsy in very low birth weight infants. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1998;122:1091–1098
  71. Redline RW, O’Riordan MA. Placental lesions associated with cerebral palsy and neurologic impairment following term birth. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2000;124:1785–1791
  72. Dammann O, Allred EN, Genest DR, et al. Antenatal mycoplasma infection, the fetal inflammatory response and cerebral white matter damage in very-low-birthweight infants. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2003;17:49–57
  73. Vigneswaran R, Aitchison SJ, McDonald HM, et al. Cerebral palsy and placental infection: a case-cohort study. BMC-Pregn Childbirth. 2004;4:1471–1476
  74. Ordi J, Ismail MR, Ventura PJ, et al. Massive chronic intervillositis of the placenta associated with malaria infection. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998;22:1006–1011
  75. Wienerroither H, Steiner H, Tomaselli J, et al. Intrauterine blood flow and long-term intellectual, neurologic, and social development. Obstet Gynecol. 2001;97:449–453
  76. Altshuler G, Russell P. The human placental villitides: a review of chronic intrauterine infection. Curr Top Pathol. 1975;60:63–112
  77. Redline RW, Patterson P. Villitis of unknown etiology is associated with major infiltration of fetal tissue by maternal inflammatory cells. Am J Pathol. 1993;143:473–479
  78. Redline RW, Abramowsky CR. Clinical and pathologic aspects of recurrent placental villitis. Hum Pathol. 1985;16:727–731
  79. Styer AK, Parker HJ, Roberts DJ, et al. Placental villitis of unclear etiology during ovum donor in vitro fertilization pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003;189:1184–1186
  80. Russell P. Inflammatory lesions of the human placenta. Placenta. 1980;1:227–244
  81. Knox WF, Fox H. Villitis of unknown aetiology: its incidence and significance in placentae from a British population. Placenta. 1984;5:395–402
  82. Redline RW, Ariel I, Baergen RN, et al. Fetal vascular obstructive lesions: nosology and reproducibility of placental reaction patterns. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2004;7:443–452
  83. Boyd TK, Redline RW. Chronic histiocytic intervillositis: a placental lesion associated with recurrent reproductive loss. Hum Pathol. 2000;31:1389–1392
  84. Adams-Chapman I, Vaucher YE, Bejar RF, et al. Maternal floor infarction of the placenta: association with central nervous system injury and adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. J Perinatol. 2002;22:236–241
  85. Fraser RB, Wright JR. Eosinophilic/T-cell chorionic vasculitis. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2002;5:350–355

PII: S0740-2570(07)00024-X

doi: 10.1053/j.semdp.2007.01.001

Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology
Volume 24, Issue 1 , Pages 5-13 , February 2007